The Theory Of The Germ Theory - 1122 Words

The Germ Theory a) The first response of the germ theory was unfavorably look upon, most people thought that diseases a bad seeds in the air known as miasma. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek made one of the earliest microscopes this lead to the discovery of micro-organisms which he called animalcules. Joseph Lister developed the microscope in 1830. Louis Pasteur put forward the germ theory in 1861 this consisted of micro-organisms cause decaying matter. Pasteur never showed the link between bacteria and human disease. Robert Koch further developed Pasteur’s theory. Koch succeeded in what Pasteur did by linking one microbe with a disease. The first disease Koch worked on was anthrax, which Davaine had also worked on. Davaine found that in you inject a health animal with a small dose of the disease they won’t contract the disease. But Koch was able to further his research on the disease and its life cycle. It was the work of Pasture and Koch that opened the door for other researchers to identification of disease-causing and lifesaving treatments. b) For- The Germ theory ï  ¶ The Washing hand theory showed that midwives cleaned their hand more often than doctors which then later showed there were more deaths with doctors than midwives. ï  ¶ Military hospitals used Lister’s ideas and used aseptic and disinfectant in operations and equipment ï  ¶ Helps save and prevent death in everyday lives and in hospitals Against- The Germ theory ï  ¶ People thought it was impossible and I wasShow MoreRelatedThe Germ Theory850 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In the light of the germ theory†¦[d]jseases are to be considered as a struggle between the organism and the parasites invading it.† The aforementioned quote, by Henry Gandle, a professor of physiology at Chicago Medical College, characterizes the germ theory through the collective human struggle against disease inducing microorganisms. In a period of discovery, where the nature of various germs and diseases were brought to light, the common conception encompassed a war between humans and diseases;Read MoreHumoral Concept, Anatomical Theory and the Germ Theory Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagesanatomical theory of disease, the germ theory of disease and the differences between each theory. I am also going to look at the historical significance of these theories and how they apply to health and wellness in today’s health care. The humoral theory comes from an ancient Greek theory that states that the human body is composed of four basic humors. The Humoral theory is derived from the word â€Å"humor,† but in this context, means â€Å"fluid†. The Humoral theory is related to the theory of theRead MoreThe Germ Theory Of Modern Medicine And Vaccines837 Words   |  4 PagesMorgan Brewer Mrs. Canuette H. English III 10 November 2015 The Germ Theory The germ theory is crucial in the development of modern medicine and vaccines. It states that many diseases are caused by the presence of specific microorganisms within the body and that infectious diseases caused by infectious agents. It was a theory developed in the middle 1800’s, by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Joseph Lister. This theory still underlines contemporary bio-medicine. It’s responsible for the reductionRead More1. How Did the Theory of Biogenesis Lead the Way for the Germ Theory of Disease?768 Words   |  4 Pagesone of these branches is Microbiology and within this specific branch theories have been created. It may not be obvious theories are ever evolving and go through changes and previous theories are falsified and new ones emerge. For instance, the theory of biogenesis was first introduced by a man named Rudolph Virchow, who eagerly challenged the current theory of spontaneous generation at the time. Spontaneous generation theory was the tho ught that some forms of life could actually be spontaneouslyRead MoreRevolutionary Germ Theory: The Great Minds Responsible Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially the germ theory of disease was a huge wake up call for most people. Germ theory was quite possibly the most important part of the revolution of medicine. It informed the people of the existence of germs and the importance of hygiene. There were many revolutions in history. Most were bloody, but the outcome of this revolution was eternal and the stepping-stone of medicine and surgery. Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur, and Joseph Lister contributed to the ever-changing germ theory that started manyRead MoreGerm Theory Of Disease By Robert Koch And Louis Pasteur1246 Words   |  5 Pagesmany diseases. This proposition has become known as Germ Theory of Disease. Not that this notion had never been touched before - on the contrary, there have been ancient mentions as old as 36 BC from a roman scholar, Marcus Terentius Varro, tha t stated: â€Å"certain minute creatures, which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose, and there cause serious diseases†. The concept of â€Å"Germ Theory of Disease† suffered a major overturn in the twentiethRead MoreThe Era Of The 19th Century1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of the Cell Theory. One such naturalist was Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to take advantage of the microscope and formulate the Germ Theory of Disease in 1861, which states that microorganisms are the cause of disease. As all theories at the time, Pasteur’s work faced significant contention from his contemporaries, as it disproved the widely accepted theory of spontaneous generation. Despite the controversy surrounding it at the time, Louis Pasteur’s proposal of the Germ Theory changed the faceRead MoreThroughout Our History, Infectious Diseases Have Posed1636 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst disease developed with the consolidation of the germ theory, which also offered a massive forewarning for most individuals. The germ theory, alone, played a massive role in the entire revolution of medicine. The theory acquainted people of the reality of germs and the magnitude of hygiene. This revolution was eternal and the most crucial stepping-stone into both medical thought and the art of surgery. According to the modern germ theory of disease, infectious diseases are caused by the actionsRead MoreThe Principles Of Empirical Science1108 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel theories are actually scientific or non-scientific. This is referred to as the problem of demarcation. Many different ideas have been proposed in response to this problem in order to demarcate theories and amongst some of the most well-known ones are those of Rudolph Carnap and Karl Popper. Carnap proposes that theories be declared scientific based on whether they can be tested, at least in principle, and labels this his verification criteria. Popper’s method is based on whether a theory hasRead MoreThe Discovery Of Rabies Vaccinations871 Words   |  4 Pagescontaminated, stopped the souring. This is where the term, â€Å"Pasteurized milk† comes from. Louis believed in the germ theory. He studied how they spread and tried to convince the doctors of his day to scrub their hands and tools before helping another patient. There were many women who were getting fevers after delivery and he came up with he idea that it was the doctors who were spreading germs and deadly bacteria. Louis Pasteur was always full of questions like, why does mold grow on certain foods

Risk Management Is Essential For Every Organization

Risk management is the discipline by which an organization identifies, assesses, controls, measures and monitors variety of risks and opportunities for the purpose of achieving maximum sustainable firm’s value (AIRMIC et al 2010). The concept of risk management has been embedded in corporate governance many years ago. Many organizations all over the world, particularly large or multinational organizations, which aware of the uncertainty have integrating risk management into their governance practices. Moreover, in the aftermath of global financial crisis 2008, the bankruptcy of large companies as well as the closure of small firms underline the importance of adequate risk management (AIRMIC et al 2010). In short, risk management is vital for every organization in order to survive in the uncertain environment. â€Å"Risk management starts with a review of all relevant information, particularly from combined risk assessment, consisting of both risk assessment and concern assessment where the latter is based on risk perception studies, economic impact assessments and the scientific characterization of social responses to the risk source† (Aven and Renn 2010, p. 121). Lots of benefits are recognized from effective risk management, including enhanced decision making, improved operational efficiency, competitive advantage, better reputation, and for public service organizations, political and community support will enhance (AIRMIC et al 2010). Risk management policy is crucial to beShow MoreRelatedSafety Management Systems And The Efficiency Provided Throughout The Industry1565 Words   |  7 PagesSafety Management Systems and the Efficiency Provided throughout the Industry Putting in the work for an efficient and well-structured aviation safety program is well worth the cost of and risk the aviation industry may face. Risks has its costs, they are increasing with time and the aviation industry is paying for it. â€Å"Aviation safety is pretty much a people problem. The machinery we use is really pretty good, the problem is the way we use the airplane—a people problem† (Aviation Safety ProgramsRead MoreRisk Management in Organizations929 Words   |  4 PagesRisk management has become an integral part of an organization. Expectation from the risk managers are increasing in order to meet up with the increasing competition and changes in the market. Currently the risk management techniques are having broader spectrum which covers operational, strategic and the entire enterprise besides being focused only into the financial risks. ERM (Enterprise Risk Management) is the need of hour and market is expecting the risk managers to possess more skill sets inRead MoreSafety Management Systems And The Efficiency Provided Throughout The Industry1285 Words   |  6 PagesSafety Management Systems and the Efficiency Provided throughout the Industry Putting in the work for an efficient and well-structured aviation safety program is well worth the cost of and risk the aviation industry may face. Risks has its costs, they are increasing with time and the aviation industry is paying for it. â€Å"Aviation safety is pretty much a people problem. The machinery we use is really pretty good, the problem is the way we use the airplane—a people problem† (Aviation Safety ProgramsRead MoreAn Organizational Structure Based on Risk and Quality Fundamentals641 Words   |  3 PagesFollowing the review cited above, it is apparent that risk management cycle (hazard identification, risk assessment for prioritizing the need for response, decision for actions according to available resources, measures implementation, monitoring, feedback and identification of new hazards) dominates every business activity and consequently comprises the process that drives the organisational management and operations. From a wider viewpoint, Risk Ma nagement comprises the inevitable and inextricable processRead MoreManagement of Exchange Rate Exposure and Risk1099 Words   |  4 PagesManagement of Exchange Rate Exposure and Risk It is noted that there are so many ways to manage the exchange rate risk that holds different methods, which suit different risks and exposures. Hence, in order to manage transaction exposures, organizations prefer some precautionary measures that must be taken on making contracts as some measures must be analyzed with financial market. First aspect is to select the right contract currency that holds principles, which must be followed while choosingRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Risk Management1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Resource Management/Risk Management Interface Like risk, human resources are pervasive in the business. Human resource management is most effective when integrated with decision making throughout the business. This leads to recognition that each production, financial, and marketing decision has a human component or influence. Which choice is made, how the decision is carried out, the follow-up and monitoring depend on people. Isolating management team and employee issues from productionRead MoreSafety And Health Of Human Resource Management Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages Safety and health in human resource management Martha Mbugua East Centarl University Safety and health in human resource management Introduction Human resource management in any organization is responsible for various aspects that concern the employees. Safety and health is one aspect the human resource professionals oversee in any given workplace environment (Clarke, Ward, 2006).Human resource professionalsRead MoreProtecting And Maintaining The Cia Triad1426 Words   |  6 PagesProtecting and maintaining the CIA Triad (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability) of a company s information is essential to the organization s success, preventing the business disruption, regulatory compliance, legal and reputation issues that accompany information security compromise. Essential to managing confidentiality and integrity are tools that aid in Identity Management or â€Å"IdM† systems that facilitate and centralize the administration of identities which must be managed to ensureRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Coso Enterprise Risk Management Framework1279 Words   |  6 PagesDennis A. Conrad January 23, 2016 COSO Enterprise Risk Management Framework Introduction Enterprises are exposed to various risks that decrease the chances of achieving their business goals both internally and externally. Internally, there are company politics and mismanagement. Externally, factors such as economic environment, regulations and technology influence risks. It is important for an enterprise to build framework for good risk management, which is â€Å"the process of identification, analysisRead MoreHealthcare Risk Management ( Hrm )1216 Words   |  5 Pages Healthcare risk management ( HRM) began in The late 1970s, when hospitals are facing a malpractice crisis (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). According to Kavaler and Alexander (2014), it is estimated more than 140,000 Americans die from medical errors and the cost ranges between $17 billion and $29 billion each year in the United States (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). In this essay, the student will explain a healthcare risk management program, evaluate the program for compliance with the American Society

Integrated Marketing Solutions

Question: Discuss about the Business Reseach Project. Answer: Introduction Traditional marketing focuses on sales and profitability of the organizations. But, on the other hand, modern and digital marketing plays important role in augmenting the satisfaction level of customers also. Similarly, integrated marketing combines traditional and digital marketing which provides assistance in increasing financial performance of the firm with high level of customer satisfaction (Sobh and Perry, 2006). The current research project is based on integrated marketing and its impact on sales and competitive position of the organizations of Persian Gulf. Regarding this current research has been chosen oil and gas industry of Western Asia. Research will follow a specific process for attaining aim and objectives and this process includes literature review, research methodology and data analysis. Research Project Outline Title: To determine the major impacts of integrated marketing solutions on sales of oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Objectives To understand the concept of integrated marketing solutions. To determine the positive and negative impacts of integrated marketing solutions on oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. To suggest appropriate integrated marketing solutions for increasing sales and financial performance of oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Research Question What is the meaning of integrated marketing solutions? What are the major impacts of integrated marketing solutions on oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf? Research Problem Customer satisfaction was one of the major problem for oil and gas industry of Persian gulf because there are number of companies that apply traditional marketing techniques for increasing awareness of customers about their products, but, these techniques help in increasing sales and profitability but do not pay attention towards the accomplishment of needs and requirements of customers (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). So, traditional marketing solutions are not appropriate for increasing customers satisfaction. So, number of companies use integrated marketing solutions but these are little costly as compare to traditional methods. Along with this, these companies do not have appropriate conclusion about the use of impacts of integrated marketing on sales of the company. So, it is considered as major research problem. So, author will sue suitable methods and approach for resolving appropriate solution for the study (Lusch and Vargo, 2014). Focus and Purpose According to the above discussion author will focus on different aspects such as traditional and integrated marketing solutions and its impact on overall performance of the firm. Research study will also shed light on sales record of the oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Along with this, focus will also be given on effect of integrated marketing on sales records of the organization. Therefore, major purpose of this investigation is determining positive as well as negative impacts of integrated marketing on sales and profitability of the firm. Appropriate research plan will help in attaining this purpose in smooth and appropriate manner. Identification of the Factors that Contribute to the process of Research Project Selection Integrated marketing is one of the major contemporary topics of the research so; researcher has decided to conduct investigation on this subject. Along with this, author has some theoretical knowledge about this subject so researcher wants to apply it in practical aspect. Including this, through this research paper researcher wants to deter mine the major relationship between sales and integrated marketing. Further, there is a huge scope of the research on this subject so, all these are considered as major factors of project selection (Lee and Morrison, 2010). Critical Review of Key References Researcher wants to conduct Meta analysis on the research subject and regarding this author needs to select appropriate research papers on similar subjects. These papers needs to be published by past research scholars. So, author will conduct a literature review for completing whole investigation (Lillis, 2008). After conducting literature review study will determine research gap which will help in formulating aim and objectives in appropriate manner. Including this, literature review will also help in understanding research problem in effective manner. Author will collect research papers on integrated marketing solutions and Persian Gulf. Along with this, articles will also be based on effects of integrated marketing (Percy, 2014). Integrated Marketing Kumar, 2017 has defined that Integrated marketing is combination on traditional and modern techniques of marketing which communicate consistent and appropriate message from company to all stakeholders (Kumar, 2017). As per this statement at the time of using integrated marketing companies need to focus on both traditional as well as digital marketing strategies. Similarly, Baines and et.al, 2017 has asserted that This marketing approach provides an unified and seamless experience to each and every customer by which they can make direct contact with specific brand and enterprise (Baines and et.al, 2017). Along with this, Shi and et.al, 2017 has stated that Integrated marketing focuses on all aspects of promotion and advertisement such as sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, telephonic and mail marketing, social media and other digital marketing etc (Shi and et.al, 2017). Further, Steenkamp, 2017 has also disclosed that this marketing approach assure about the communica tion and messaging channels that whether these channels are appropriate for customers or not (Steenkamp, 2017). Oil and Gas industry of Persian Gulf uses integrated marketing and due to this, customer of the company interact with the organizations easily which plays important role in developing strong association with consumer (Integrated Marketing Definitions, 2017). Therefore, review of literature has reflected that integrated marketing is one of the best ways to increase awareness of customers about the products and services of the company. Integrated Marketing Solutions Raja, Frandsen and Mouritsen, 2017 has said that Marketing mix of the organization focuses on only four basis solutions such as product, price, place and promotions (Raja, Frandsen and Mouritsen, 2017). But integrated marketing solutions comprise people, process, physical evidences, etc. Along with this, it also focuses on cost, customers, communication and convenience. Therefore, all these solutions play important role in attaining marketing objectives in effective manner. In addition, effective communication with customers is one of the major advantages of integrated marketing solution. So, these solutions plays important role in developing appropriate strategies for product, price, place, promotion, cost, communication, process and people (Integrated Marketing Solutions, 2017). Malshe, Sohi and Krush, 2017 has stated that Integrated marketing helps in making shift from traditional marketing to digital marketing and mass media to specialised media (Malshe, Sohi and Krush, 2017). Impacts of Integrated Marketing on Sales and other Performance Integrated marketing has positive as well as negative impact on overall performance of the organization. Babin and Zikmund, 2015 has stated that integrated marketing reduces the total marketing cost because it helps in maintaining data base in effective manner (Babin and Zikmund, 2015). Therefore, it plays important role in reducing cost burden which is beneficial for augmenting the profit level of the organization. Lusch and Vargo, 2014 has asserted that integrated marketing is also known as international marketing which help in making tough competition in foreign countries (Lusch and Vargo, 2014). Therefore, integrated marketing is one of the best strategies for attracting global customers that leads increment in local and international sales of the company. Including this, integrated marketing can easily influence customers to buy products and services of particular company which has positive impact on financial performance of the firm. Overall, integrated marketing has sportive i mpact on customers behaviour and satisfaction, marketing activities and marketing cost which help in increasing financial performance of the firm (Lillis, 2008). But, on the other hand, implication of integrated marketing requires high skills and experiences, company needs to high skilled and experienced employees. It has negative impact on human resource management cost of the company. High HR cost can decline the total profit of the company. Overall, integrated marketing has positive and negative impacts on sales of the company (Baines and et.al, 2017). So, researcher needs to conduct a systematic research for determining impact on integrated marketing solutions on sales of oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Research Project Specification The current research is based on integrated marketing and its impact on sales, financial and competitive position of organizations. It has chosen by researchers because there are number of organizations that use integrated marketing solutions for increasing awareness of products and services in eyes of customers of the company. So, researcher wants to determine the impact on integrated marketing on sales and profitability of the firm. Along with this, it is a research now because oil and gas industry of Persian gulf is using integrated marketing strategy but there is no research on its impact on sales so, author has selected this subject for current investigation (Bhattacharyya, 2009). Final research will be significant because it will provide assistance to PhD scholars for conducting studies in coming time on similar subjects. Along with this, it will also be beneficial for selecting appropriate strategy for organization. Appropriate plan and process for the agreed research specification Research Methodology Research plans includes appropriate methodology that comprises different tools and techniques of the research that plays important tools in attaining all solutions of research questions. As per the above discussed aim and objectives author needs to select suitable research design, philosophy, approach and strategy. Along with this, author needs to choose suitable methods for collecting and analysing data (Daniel and Sam, 2011). Therefore, research methodology will play important role in making the final conclusion for the entire research investigation. Research design Determining impacts of integrated marketing solutions on sale and financial performance is the major aim and objective of the current research. For attaining this aim researcher needs to develop an appropriate plan which also known as research design. According to objectives of the study researcher needs to analyse the sales performance and marketing strategy of oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Regarding this, author will use descriptive research design for completing this investigation in effective manner (Flick, 2011). It has selected by researcher because it is an appropriate design for completing theoretical and qualitative research on selected subject. Types of the Research There are two different research techniques for analysing research problem and these are qualitative and quantitative research. The current study is based on integrated marketing and sales analysis of the organization which is a subjective concept. So, study will use both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. In which, qualitative research technique provides assistance in understanding research problem. It includes different theories and concepts which will play important role in resolving research problem in better manner (Kumar, 2014). On the other hand, quantitative research focuses on numerical analysis so; it will assist in analysing sales target and financial performance of the oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf in effective manner. Research Philosophy It is a most appropriate technique of research which plays important role in getting appropriate base for conducting investigation in effective manner. There are two type of paradigm positivism and intrepretivism. In which for the current research author will focus on positivism because it is based on objective concept of the research rather than subjectivity of the research topic. Therefore, using this philosophy author will attain aim and objectives in effective manner. Overall author will analyse the major impacts of integrated marketing on overall performance of the firm (Kumar, 2017). Research Approach Approach of the research decides the way by which author can complete the whole investigation that will play important role in getting solutions of research questions. There are two major approaches inductive and deductive. As per the above discussion author has developed appropriate research question for the whole study so author will use deductive research approach. This approach shed lights on the general to specific research. So, author will conduct general research on integrated marketing and its impact on organizations sales performance. Afterwards, author will analyse the final results with the context of oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf (Babin and Zikmund, 2015). Author will not apply hypothesis testing so, inductive research approach will not appropriate for the current study. Data Collection Methods Resolving research problem in effective manner is not an easy task for researcher, so, for getting appropriate solution of the research problem author will collect appropriate information using different methods of data collection. There are two specific methods and these are primary and secondary data collection techniques. Author uses primary tools for collection new and fresh data about the subject. On the other hand, secondary data collection methods are generally used by researcher for obtaining past information about the subject which are already available. For the current investigation author will use secondary data collection method for gathering information about integrated marketing solutions and sales performance of oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Regarding this, author will select appropriate secondary sources such as annual reports of oil and gas companies, books, journals, research papers, websites and literature. All these information will provide appropriate ins ights to understand the research problem. Along with this, author will also apply inclusion and exclusion criteria for conducting Meta analysis of the research papers. As per the inclusion criteria author can extract only those papers which have been published after 2010 and in English language (Shi and et.al, 2017017). Along with this, exclusion criteria can exclude all those papers which will not based on research subject and dont relevant to the study. Therefore, all these tools and techniques are very effective for collecting suitable data for whole investigation on the research subject. Data Analysis After obtaining appropriate data author needs to analyse the collected facts and figures in effective manner which will play important role in resolving research problem. There are two major techniques for analysing obtained data and these include thematic and statistical analysis. For the current investigation author will use thematic analysis only because lack of the numerical information about the research subject. Thematic analysis is one of the best ways to conduct study using qualitative research technique. Along with this, using this technique author can develop different themes for attaining aim and objectives. Thematic analysis will be based on subjective information about the integrated marketing solutions which are used by oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Along with this, it will also develop different them for positive and negative impact on integrated marketing on sales of the company (Malshe, Sohi and Krush, 2017). Overall data analysis will develop a strong and me aningful conclusion for resolving research problem. Time scale Gantt chart is the best tool for presenting time scale for each and every activity of the research. It includes total duration in which each activity will be completed (Sobh and Perry, 2006). Gantt chart for current investigation is described as under: Table 1: Gantt chart for the current research Activity and Duration in days 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Review of the research subject Formation of the aim and objectives Review of available literature Research methodologies Secondary data collection Analysis of the collected data Monitoring and analysis Final execution and completion Conclusion The current research project is based on integrated marketing and its impacts on sales of oil and gas industry of Persian Gulf. Report has used appropriate research methodology and data collection methods which will help in attaining aim and objectives of the study in effective manner. Final result of the study will provide assistance in conducting future research on similar subject on other industries.